INTERNET

Assalamualaikum readers !

In this entry we would like to explain the general idea about internet. Nowadays, there is no doubt that everyone is using the internet. But, how many of us know about the history and the development of internet. Thus, we are here to help you so that we will appreciate the technologies that are available for us.

Internet

Internet is the largest network of networks in the world. It uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching. It runs on any communications substrate. ARPAnet was created in 1968 by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) with BBN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman). In 1970, first five nodes were invented. Later, in 1974 Vint Cerf specified TCP. On January 1 of 1984, TCP/IP was used for its messaging.

History of Internet

Benefits of Internet

- Inventing digital networking

- Survivability of an infrastructure to send or receive high-speed electronic messages.

- Reliability of computer messaging

URL (Universal Resource Located)

Each page of information on the web has a unique address called the URL at which it can be found. For example :

http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/atzacheva/lecture1.html

http - protocol

faculty.uscupstate.edu - host name

atzacheva, lecture1, html - file name

Protocols Names	Use
ftp://	File transfer
http://	Hypertext
https://	Hypertext secure
Mailto:	Sending email
News:	Requesting news
Telnet://	Remote log in

Problems before the invention of Internet

1. Using different packet-switching networks 

    - only nodes on the same network could commmunicate

2. Application-layer getaways

    - difficult to deploy new Internet-wide applications

3. No global addressability

After the invention of Internet earlier, there are Internetworking problem but this problem was overcome by using the IP solution. IP solution is a Internet-layer gateaways & global adresses. It is simple, application-independent, lowest denominator and network service. Then we have Network-layer Overlay model which define a new protocol (IP) and map all application or networks to IP.

Original TCP/IP (Cerf & Kahn)

No separation between transport (TCP) and network (IP) layers. It uses one common header and also byte-based sequence number to flow control but not congestion control.

Today's TCP/IP

Separate transport (TCP) and network (IP) layer. Now it is congestion control.

Converting a 32-bit Internet Address to Dotted Decimal Format

01011110000101001100001111011100

1) Divide the IP address into four octets 

01011110 00010100 11000011 11011100 

2) Convert each binary octet into a decimal number 

01011110 = 64+16+8+4+2 = 94 00010100 = 16+4 = 20 11000011 = 128+64+2+1 = 195 11011100 = 128+64+16+8+4 = 220

3) Write out the decimal values separated by periods 94.20.195.220

Here the link for details of IP address : IP address

Domain Name System

It is difficult for us to remember the IP addresses of all the websites. The domain name system translates between domain names and IP addresses of devices connected to the Internet. Examples of top level domains are : .com, .biz and .edu

That is all from us. Thank you for reading :)

XML

Assalamualaikum my friends!

What is XML? Is it same with HTML?
No. It is not. XML stands for Extensible Markup Language. This language is much like HTML but its tags are not predefined, however XML is not replacement for HTML.

Differences between XML and HTML 

XML :
- Designed to transport and store data, with focus on what data is.
- It is about carrying information.
- All elements must be properly nested within each other:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>
- The white-space in a document is not truncated

HTML :
- Designed to display data, with focus on how data looks
- It is about displaying information
- Improperly nested elements are allowed:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>
- Truncates multiple white-space characters to one single white-space:
HTML: Hello my name is Tove
Output: Hello my name is Tove

There are three types of XML :

Number	Types of XML
1	Document
2	Tree
3	Table

XML document

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>

<note>

<to>Tove</to>

<from>Jani</from>

<heading>Reminder</heading>

<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>

</note>

Now, we will explain briefly how to create XML document. Firstly, we put the XML declaration at the first line. It defines the XML version (1.0) and the encoding used (ISO-8859-1 = Latin-1/West European character set). The next line describes the root element of the document : <note>. The next four lines are the child elements of the root and the last line defines the end of the root element : </note>

XML tree

XML documents can form a tree structure. Here are the example of XML tree :

The image above represents one book in the XML below:

<bookstore>

<book category="COOKING">

<title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title>

<author>Giada De Laurentiis</author>

<year>2005</year>

<price>30.00</price>

</book>

<book category="CHILDREN">

<title lang="en">Harry Potter</title>

<author>J K. Rowling</author>

<year>2005</year>

<price>29.99</price>

</book>

<book category="WEB">

<title lang="en">Learning XML</title>

<author>Erik T. Ray</author>

<year>2003</year>

<price>39.95</price>

</book>

</bookstore> 

XML table

The image below represent the XML table :

I think that is all from us this time. If you want to know more details about this XML, you may watch this video : An Introduction to XML

Thanks for reading. Till we meet again :)

SMILES and PDB (Protein Data Bank)

Assalamualaikum and hello there !

Do you know about SMILE and PDB ? No ? I would like to tell you a little. Keep on reading :)

First of all, we go to the SMILES. SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System) is a chemical notation that allows a user to represent a chemical structure in a way that can be used by the computer. SMILES is an easily learned and flexible notation. The SMILES notation requires that you learn a handful of rules. 

SMILES on ChemSketch

If you still remember our previous post telling about ChemSketch, this SMILES is one of the features of that software. SMILES would help you to create the professional reports that working with structure.

Chemical Notation

Here we share with you the tutorial of how to make SMILES by using ChemSketch : Quick ChemSketch Tutorial

SMILES Structure Notation :

Type	Structure Drawing	Explanation
Atoms	[B] [OH3+]  C  N	Element Boron Hydronium ion Methane Ammonia
Bonds	CC or C-C or [CH3]-[CH3] CC#C	Ethane Propyne
Branches	CC(C)C(=O)OC CCN(CC)CC	Methyl isobutyrate Triethylamine
Rings	C1CCCC1 CC1CCC1 c1ccccc1	Cyclopentane Methylcyclobutane Benzene

PDB (Protein Data Bank)

Do you know what is this?

PDB is a repository for 3-D biological macromolecular structure.Currently it holds more than 100,000 released structure.The data is acsessable to the public.To take a look at the data you can refer to this :    PDB-Protein Data Bank.

                                                            

                                                                  Ebola virus

All the data are obtained by two methods.First, by X-Ray crytallography and secondly by NMR spectroscopy.

Exp. Method	Proteins	Nucleic Acids
X-Ray	86173	1574
NMR	9326	1096

Know how to do HTML

Assalamualaikum dear friends, we meet again! :D
For this entry, we are going to introduce to you a HyperText Markup Language, or more commonly known as HTML.

HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages. We will show you how to do HTML. Follow us and you can try it for yourself! :)

Lesson 1: A simple HTML document

<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

• The text between <html> and </html> describes the web document
• The text between <body> and </body> describes the visible page content
• The text between <h1> and </h1> describes a heading
• The text between <p> and </p> describes paragraph

Using the description, a web browser can display a document with a heading and a paragraph.

HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets:
<tagname>content</tagname>

• HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>
• The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
• The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a slash before the tag name- The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.

By using a WordPad, you can type the document above and then click "save as" and type down "document.txt". Do it once more but this time type "document.html" and save in the same folder.

Double click the "document.html" and you will get a web browser that will show like this:

The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, IE, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and display them.

Lesson 2: HTML List-making

2.1: Unordered HTML list

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles).

Do the same as per in Lesson 1 to save the document in .txt and .html form. You will get like this:

Unordered HTML List	Ordered HTML List	HTML Description List
The first item The second item The third item The fourth item	The first item The second item The third item The fourth item	The first item Description of item The second item Description of item

Lesson 2.2: Ordered HTML Lists

<ol>
  <li>BLACK</li>
  <li>RED</li>
  <li>WHITE</li>
  <li>BLUE</li>
</ol>

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

The list items will be marked with numbers.

Do the same as per in Lesson 1 to save the document in .txt and .html form. You will get like this:

Lesson 2.3: HTML Description Lists

<dl>
  <dt>Coffee</dt>
  <dd>- black hot drink</dd>
  <dt>Milk</dt>
  <dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

A description list, is a list of terms, with a description of each term.

The <dl> tag defines a description list.

The <dt> tag defines the term (name), and the <dd> tag defines the data (description).

Do the same as per in Lesson 1 to save the document in .txt and .html form. You will get like this:

Nested HTML Lists

<ul>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea
    <ul>
      <li>Black tea</li>
      <li>Green tea</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ul>

List can be nested (lists inside lists). It gives:

Lesson 3: HTML Link

<html>
<body>
Welcome to our blog!
<a href="http://www.lemiracleus.blogspot.com/">Visit our blog to see HTML tutorial</a>
</body>
</html>

HTML links are hyperlinks.

A hyperlink is an element, a text, or an image that you can click on, and jump to another document.

In HTML, links are defined with the <a> tag.

Do the same as per in Lesson 1 to save the document in .txt and .html form. You will get like this:

Lesson 4: HTML Images

<html>

<body>
 <h2>Smile face</h2>
 <img src="http://www.worldpeace-uk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/smiley-face.jpg" alt="Smiley" style="width:128px;height:128px">
<h2>GIF image</h2>
<img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ72_ah2hajFr60FJY5iKGGk1P-1Ar4L6LM3uR3wGYKYfBavSMO" alt="Computer man" style="width:128px;height:128px">
</body>

</html>

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.

The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.

The src attribute defines the url (web address) of the image.

Do the same as per in Lesson 1 to save the document in .txt and .html form. You will get like this:

Lesson 5: HTML Table

<table border="1" style="width:100%">
  <tr>
    <td>Jill</td>
    <td>Smith</td> 
    <td>50</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eve</td>
    <td>Jackson</td> 
    <td>94</td>
  </tr>
</table>

Tables are defined with the <table> tag.

Tables are divided into table rows with the <tr> tag.

Table rows are divided into table data with the <td> tag.

A table row can also be divided into table headings with the <th> tag.

If you do not specify a border for the table, it will be displayed without borders.

A border can be added using the border attribute <table border> tag.

Do the same as per in Lesson 1 to save the document in .txt and .html form. You will get like this:

So, thats the end of our lessons! Try it for yourself and you might be able to do it like anybody else. 

Until next time! Salam :)

CHEMSKETCH

ASSALAMUALAIKUM DEAREST READERS,

Today we have done an assignment by using Chemsketch. 

The contents that we have made are:

Page no.	Title
1	Energy Of Reaction Diagram
2	Different Kinds Of Orbitals
3	Vacuum Distillation Apparatus
4	Two-Chain DNA Strand
5	Lipids and Micelles
6	Creating Tables

For your references to make this Chemsketch, click on this link: Chemsketch Manual

Our journey starts here!

ASSALAMUALAIKUM WBT.

Hi there! How do you do? We hope all is well.

Oh My God! We can't believe it. We are finally in Kuantan after 2 years in CFS. How miracle is that? (chuckles). Because we are now officially a degree student. Well, that sounds mature (clearing throat). So, the D-day was on 2nd of September 2014. That's right, just recently.

So, there we were in Taaruf Week Programme. We have attended A LOT of briefings.We really means a lot. But its okay for us.

You might wondering if we were homesick.Well, not for the first 2 days because we have known each other back in cfs. Though its quite fun, but the feeling to go back home just stroke us strongly. But most importantly, we have made up our mind to stay positive and move on. We would be happy to share with you the IIUM song which has inspired us to carry our Amanah as an IIUM student up until now.

click here to direct to youtube video: iium song

Lirik Lagu Leading The Way - International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Lyrics 

Lets lead the way

Enlighten the future

Share the wisdom

Through the spirit of Islam

Revelation and Reason

We shall excel, we shall prevail

Merging faith and knowledge

Were the khalifah

Well fulfill the Amanah

Chorus:

Together

We make the world a better place

Forever

Expand the culture of Iqra

IIUM

Is to realise, the meaning of

Rahmatan lil-Alamin

Together

We make the world a better place

Forever

Expand the culture of Iqra

IIUM

Is to realise, the meaning of

(Mercy to all the worlds)

For all mankind

Here are some interesting places where you can go in Kuantan. We have given the ratings for each mall based on our experience:

ECM	BERJAYA MEGAMALL	KUANTAN PARADE
★★★★	★★★★★	★★★

As a whole, we love IIUM Kuantan as much as in CFS. Until we meet again. Take care you guys.
May Allah bless us all. Assalamualaikum.